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• The importance of production Budgets

• The typical university project spends much more on production than it does on any other type of expense. For this reason it is important to budget production expenditures in order to estimate working capital needs and to project future effects on cash position and inventory levels.

• Neither cost of sales in the operating budget nor cash and inventory in a proforma balance sheet can be projected until the production budget is completed.

• Schedules and Title Budgets

• Constructing the budget requires accurate, detailed manufacturing estimate for each book on which money will be spent during the fiscal year. Production budget preparation also requires an accurate production schedule for each job.

• Developing the production budget

• The first step in formating the production budget is to review the production schedules and identify all projects that are expected to be worked on during the new fiscal year.

Next judgments must be made about which portion of each job will be completed during the budget period. It could be the entire job just the typesetting,just the binding or perhaps other parts of the manufacturing process.

The Components of Production Expense

Production expense consists of five different subcategories: computer, internet, print, and other expenditure. Computer costs are the fixed costs of each manufacturing job. Other costs are referred to as running costs; with the exception of small fixed set-up fees, they vary directly with the size of a job run. The information you put into a budget is not very beneficial if you don’t share it with others.  Everyone on your project should see this report regularly.  It should be a discussion topic as part of your weekly delivery team meeting if you have one.  Make each team member aware of where the budget status is overall as well as where their hours stand against the original forecast for the project.  If they are well over their allotment of hours, then it definitely deserves further discussion and analysis.

Most importantly, we carefully analyze the most pressing needs that need to be answered to ensure a high value, high impact experience.

Integrate estimation into the overall development process.

 The first step in any improvement strategy is understanding where you are. Map out your current development process and identify the points in this process where estimation reasonably fits to provide maximum benefit.
Design an estimation procedure to fit your culture
A standard estimation procedure is critical to creating reasonable estimates in a repeatable fashion across the organization. Establish a procedure that reflects the value of the estimate it produces.
Mine historical information to tune your estimation capability.
Historical information from past projects is an important source of data to improve estimation practices for future initiatives.
Apply specific estimation techniques
Applying specific estimation techniques can greatly improve the efficiency of your estimation practices. Understanding where the various techniques fit into the overall process lifecycle and the pros and cons of each is key to identifying those techniques that make up your standard estimation procedure.
Adjusting project scope to available budget and resources.
Successful projects are do-able from the outset. Develop a realistic trade-off analysis of project scope versus budget and resources (based on a thorough understanding of the implications of high versus low project estimates.)
Practical project planning
A clear project direction and definition can positively impact all stakeholders through improved predictability and repeatability. A practical project plan should address: critical path/scheduling
the work breakdown structure resource leveling, and relationships.

The waterfall model is argued by many to be a bad idea in practice, mainly because of their belief that it is impossible, for any non-trivial project, to get one

phase of a software product’s lifecycle perfected before moving on to the next phases and learning from them. For example, clients may not be aware of

exactly what requirements they want before they see a working prototype and can comment upon it; they may change their requirements constantly, and

program designers and implementers may have little control over this. If clients change their requirements after a design is finished, that design must be

modified to accommodate the new requirements, invalidating quite a good deal of effort if overly large amounts of time have been invested in Big Design Up

Front.
One such approach/process used in Software Development is “The Waterfall Model”. Waterfall approach was first Process Model to be introduced and

followed widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the project. In “The Waterfall” approach, the whole process of software development is divided

into separate process phases. The phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation and Testing &

Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that second phase is started as and when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it

is signed off, so the name “Waterfall Model”. All the methods and processes undertaken in Waterfall Model are more visible.

The Benefits are

* Much better than “all hands to the keyboards, spend half the budget on the latest hardware, with no planning”.
* Misinterpretations may surface early. Errors found during operations may cost one hundred times or more to fix than if caught during Software

Requirements Review.
* Other problems may surface early; overspend; lack of feasibility; note 90of budget but the next 10

Shortcomings

* Except for well understood cases, it may difficult to completely define requirements at the beginning.
* Closely related to the previous item, it is almost impossible to accommodate, at a late stage, changes to requirements. After all, the requirements were

agreed and frozen in the SRD.
* It is almost impossible to fit maintenance, or reuse, into this format.
* Maintenance. Much of what goes with the waterfall process. assumes `building something new’. Likewise reuse .
* Problems associated with structured systems analysis and design:
o Real systems have no top . This is true in many systems: concurrent systems, any system dependent on the graphics-user-interface (GUI). In fact,

instead of the top-down and library structure, what is more suitable is a framework or upside-down library .
o Although the components of the top-down decomposition seem to be independent and decoupled – and hence we would expect that changes to one,

would affect none or very few of the others – this is far from the case. They may in fact be tightly coupled via the (effectively) global data owned by Top . This

coupling is all the more damaging for its subtlety – you don’t know it’s there until you start to make changes, and you have no plan of escape from it’s grasp.

* There are massive delays involved in the documentation and review procedures. As a simple illustration, assume:
o The software requirements phase takes 4 weeks.
o Delivery of any documentation and assessment by user (in preparation for review) takes 1.5 weeks.
o Review – and fixing of defects uncovered (only after which the next phase can commence) takes 1.5 weeks.
o The two design phases take one month each.
o The code and unit test phase takes 3 months.

Draw a rough bar-chart of this and estimate the schedule. You’ll be surprised at the length of time – and the amount of dead-time.

Գաղափարի զարգացումը ունի հետեվյալ փուլերը’ Ներառում է միջոցներ, սարքավորումներ, մարդկանց, կազմակերպություններ, համակարգչային ծրագրեր և այլն :Հաջողված նախագծերն ավարտվում են այն արտադրական պրոցեսի մեջ կիրառելով :Ձախողված նախագծերն չեղյալ են համարվում :Մեկ կամ ավելի մարդկանց հետ կամ կոորդինացնել կամ բաժանել պատասխանատվությունները. :Հաջողության համար անհրաժեշտ պայմաններն են տեսական և գործնական գիտելիքներ և փորձ Հոգեբանական և տեխնիկական ասպեկտներ: Նախագիծը սահմանափակ ժամկետ ունի. սկիզբ, կեսը, ավարտ: Համեմատական են կենդանական կամ բուսական կյանքի ցիկլի հետ: Առանձնահատուկ նպատակների իրականացման համար անհրաժեշտ է հսկողություն: Կյանքի շղթան հոգեբանական մոդել է ակնկալվող նախագծի ընթացքի առաջխաղացմանը :Պետք է հաշվի առնվի բազմաթիվ ասպեկտներ. Բյուջե, փուլ, ժամանակ : Հիմնական հարցերն են. 1. Նախագծի սկիզբ 2. Կոնցեպտի հստակեցում 3. Պահանջներ 4. Դիզայն 5. Կոդավորում 6. Տեստավորում 7.Առաքում-հանձնում: Հնարավոր է տեղի ունենան փոփոխություններ,որոնք կախված կլինեն տարբեր ասպեկտներից’ խոսված չքննարկված շուկայական պահանջներ ,Տնտեսական ֆակտոր,տեխնոլոգիական փոփոխությւններ Կրկնօրինակի բացահայտում ավելի ուշ ,Փոքր մոդելները կարող են առաջացնել դժգոհություններ Նախագծի համար շահագրգռված անձինք կարող են լինել ‘Հաճախորդը,որ օգտագործելու է ,Հովանավորը որը վճարելու է ,Նախագծող ծրագրավորողը,որը աշխատելու է նախագծի վրա ,Նախագծի ղեկավարը ԱՄՓՈՓՈՒՄ lՆախագծի ղեկավարում//կառավարում. ի շնորհիվ հատուկ հանձնարարված թիմի  ստեղծված  հատուկ նպատակների իրականացման համար lՏեսական և գործնական մասի համատեղում lԹիմերը արդյունաբերության սպեցիֆիկ ոլորտից են lԾրագրակազմը ներկայացնում է յուրահատուկ խնդիրներ :Մարդիկ ծրագրերի հետ շփվում են քանի որ հոգեբանորեն անհրաժեշտ է Կազմակերպության ղեկավարման ստիլը Իֆչպես իրականացնել ծրագրային մասը ‘Կառուցել օբյեկտի մոդելը ,Կատարման դիագրամ ,Բաժանել դետալների ,աղյուսակի նախածում ,իֆտերֆեյսի նախագծում ,կոդի անալիզ ,տեստավորում և վերիֆիկացիա:

1.The essentials team building and team work in Armenian
2.The problems depended the individual types armenian people.
3.The solution this problem
4.The communication with people

1. Team building is nessesary, becouse is possible to work more effectivily and get more benefit.In our country it not big
experience team working.Do something by team,is very dificult, but sould be sometime became very easy,if you will can good organize .
2.Armenian peuple have individual form thinking and sometime they are very different .
The successful team requires thougth and planning work.
3.Every team needs a good leader, who is able to deal with all and can make desition.
Individual of the team can have their personal opinions.
But very important to be honest and member of the team will can trust .

It need organize the launch or diner together,it must create the good environment ,make sport competition.

it must ,because the debate time will be make the good environment to.

4.Communication between team worker very important thing in team work.

A good team worker communicate in with as much as possible, Now technology advanses are fantastic,but best cmmunication is face-to face.

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